Essay On BreakinFrom 1984 - 1448 Words

The film Breakin’ from 1984, is a very popular film centered around the dancing culture of hip-hop cinema. It was released as an â€Å"Indie Film† in the beginning of the rise of hip-hop. The main character is Kelly, who has a desire to expand her jazz dance career to greater heights. She meets two street dancer, Ozone and Turbo and Kelly developed a passion for dancing along side them. An odd pairing, but one that would drastically advance Kelly’s dance skills and ability, and she knew it would be beneficial to her career. Kelly even assists them in dance battles against their rival street dancing group. Kelly becomes the talk of the street dancing world, as she is a new talented addition to Ozone and Turbo’s team. Watkins describes†¦show more content†¦It also shows more crime that is going on during the time, and it allowed the general audience to relate to hip-hop. While Breakin’ is centered around breakdancing, Krush Groove exemplifies the nitty gritty part of hip hop. This is centered around crime, and the determination to be successful in the world of music. Russell Walker, started a music label that primarily focused on rap called Krush Groove. Walker had difficulty keeping the label afloat, even though they often attracted very popular artists. Krush Groove is based on the development of Def Jam Records which is still alive and producing music today. Watkins points out the use of ghettocentric imagination and how the lives of black youth are shown unfairly and unrealistically in this film. Watkins claimed â€Å"One of the most persistent themes that gives shape to the ghettocentric imagination is the representation of the urban ghetto as a site of represion and entrapment† (212 Watkins). Through the media, films and music the black community was shown as a negative place full of violence and immoralities. Krush Groove is proof of ghettocentric imagination as Russell failing and struggling with defeat. They show him this way due to where he came from and the fact he invested in hip-hop. Donalson did not look at the films in as negative of a light. He looked more at the meaning of the film rather than the representation of black youth. Donalson said â€Å" By the late

Essay about History 276 - 2405 Words

University of Phoenix Material Week One Study Guide As you read this week’s required materials, complete this study guide. Review the material to study for the final examination in Week Five. This is a multipage assignment: double-check that you have completed each page before submitting. History and Archaeology I. Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences. †¢ The written record of the past and the study of past written records is called History . †¢ The study of the past based on recovering and identifying artifacts and making inferences about those who left these artifacts is called Archaeology . †¢ Both historians and archaeologists describe the past. Historians study written records†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The Druze , who live in modern Lebanon and Syria, originated as a splinter group that believed that one of the Fatimid caliphs was the last incarnation of God. †¢ The Fatimid empire weakened in the 12th century and was conquered by Salah al-Din or Saladin. III. Identify at least one element of Fatimid culture for each of the following categories. One example is provided: for that category, identify at least one additional cultural element. | |Fatimid cultural elements | |intellectual contributions |Founding of Cairo as intellectual center | | |The Druze | |architecture |Mosques and places in Cairo | |artistic forms |glazed ceramics | | |glassware | | |decorated script | |religious beliefsShow MoreRelatedThe Foundations Of Counseling And Guidance Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagesguidance may be traced back to the teachings of Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece and Rome. Some argue that modern techniques also branch from Catholic priests’ practice of confidentiality within the confessional in the Middle Ages. However, The history of school counseling, as we know it, formally started at the turn of the twentieth century (Krumboltz Kolplin, n.d.). Counselors only began playing a role in special education in the late 1970’s to early 1980’s. This was a time of strict evaluationRead MoreHawaiian Stereotypes1259 Words   |  6 Pagesachievement. (Gallimore Howard, 1968, p. 10) Through forced assimilation, the Hawaiian culture and indigenous language was banned from the Hawaiian school systems. These actions resulted in a decline in Hawaiians’ understanding of their own culture, history, values, religion, practices and identity. Colonialism and institutional racism permeated the 1920s (when only 24,000 native Hawaiians were left) and were embedded in Hawaii’s society and system during World War II, and continued through statehoodRead MoreThe Victims Of Children With Disabilities1331 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaf, blind, emotionally disturbed, or mentally retarded. (Archived: 25 Year History of the IDEA) Society often felt pity upon the family of the child with a disability, and often partook in acts of charity. Organizations focused on the prevention and cure of disabilities. Successful funding movements often campaigned using photos of helpless children with disabilities apparently destined to a miserable life. (History and Current Trends Regarding People with Disabilities) In the 40s and 50s parentsRead MoreWhy Did Slave Trading Intensify in Nineteenth-Century East Africa?1103 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept of an ‘’urban islamisation’’ since the population of the city (known as Mombosa) gave more support to the new religion than the people of the interior (known as Wanyika) which demonstrated some resistance to the urban Islamic culture (3, p.276). Concurrently with the expansion of Islam in the 19th century the Omani empire controlled the economic , political and commercial aspects of the East African region and had their power centred in the region of Zanzibar, along the coast and islandsRead MoreThe Victims Of Children With Disabilities2087 Words   |  9 Pagesdeaf, blind, emotionally disturbed, or mentally retarded. (Archived: 25 Year History of the IDEA) Society often felt pity upon the family of the child with a disability, and often partook in acts of charity. Organizations focused on the prevention and cure of disabilities. Successful funding movements often campaigned using photos of helpless children with disabilities apparently destined to a miserable life. (History and Current Trends Regarding People with Disabilities) Rise of Special EducationRead MoreOrigin Myths and Identity in Brittany1885 Words   |  8 Pagesof the ruling France, Duke John IV of Brittany sought out the creation of an origin myth that would connect and glorify the Breton people. As a result, several works on the history of Brittany emerged, almost all compiled by authors with close connection to the duke’s family (Jones, Memory, Invention and the Breton State, 276). Significantly, at no point did these court authors claim a Celtic identity for Brittany to argue its independence, for the simple reason that the myth of Bretons as CeltsRead MoreAncient Near Eastern Thought Essay3623 Words   |  15 Pagesintroduce readers to the history and methods of comparative study and to the relationship between comparative study, scholarship, and theology. Part 2 consists of a single chapter in which Walton provides a summary of the literature of the ancient Near East. Parts 3, 4, and 5, Walton then draws on the aforementioned sou rce material to explore comparatively understandings of religion (Part 3), the cosmos (Part 4), and people (Part 5). Part 1 – Comparative Studies Chapter 1 – History and Methods WaltonRead MoreThe Independece of the Blue Grass State Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesAgrarian interests over those of commerce and industry. Kentucky’s legislature joined Virginia’s in denouncing the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and adopting resolutions that asserted the right of states to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional (History of Kentucky). Farming had always been important to settlers in the Kentucky region. After Kentucky became a state, its population increased and more areas of farmland were opened to settlement. Early in the 1800’s, horse breeders recognized the superiorRead MoreBoko Haram : Africa Of Peril1529 Words   |  7 PagesBoko Haram. Boko Haram has done mass abductions, displaced millions from their homes, and killed thousands. To understand how Boko Haram effects Africa one must be familiar with their history and attacks,tactics and strategy, and their organization and recruitment. Boko Haram has a brief, but very eventful history where it has gone through periods of violence, allegiance to other groups, and turmoil within their group. The group was founded in 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf in Maiduguri, the northern stateRead MoreSummary : American Public University System 1041 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage are cultural, however, the ability to use language is biological and must be learned (Park, 2014: 276). Human language systems are considered to be open systems, meaning that its characteristics make it practically infinitely creative. Nonhuman communication systems, on the other hand, are generally considered to be closed systems, referring to the fact that meanings are specific (Park, 2014: 276). Human language can be said to have begun when language shifted from being a closed to an open system

English Novel Free Essays

FOR OFFICE USE |Date received | | |Interview | | |A: |W. L: |R: | Please return this application form and a recent photograph to the centre of your choice: CELTA Applications, New Delhi English Language Teaching Centre British Council Division 17 Kasturba Gandhi Marg New Delhi 110001 CELTA Applications, Mumbai British Council 901, 9th Floor One India bulls Centre Mumbai 400 013 CELTA Applications, Chennai. British Council Division, British Deputy High Commission 737 Anna Salai Chennai 600 002 Or email it as an attachment with a scanned photograph to: ? New Delhi applications to ritu. We will write a custom essay sample on English Novel or any similar topic only for you Order Now verma@in. britishcouncil. org ? Mumbai applications to pradeep. nambiar@in. britishcouncil. org ? Chennai applications to Natasha. Rosair@in. britishcouncil. org The deadline for applications is one month before your course date. Full name: Isha Prabhakar |Nationality: Indian | |Address: C – 102 Inder Puri | | |New Delhi -110012 | | | | | | | | |Telephone number(s): +91 – 9953750133, 01145638400 | | |e-mail: prabhakar_isha@ive. com |Date of birth: 27 – 11 – 1989 | |Which centre would you like to do the CELTA in? Please indicate your preference | |(Please note that if not enough candidates are selected for a date in one centre, they will be given the option to do the next course at the other | |centre, providing places are available) | |New Delhi Centre | |Present occupation: Studying |First language: Hindi | | | | |Other languages spoken: (Please list and evaluate your level using beginner/Pre-Intermediate/ Intermediate/Advanced) | |English (Pre-intermediate) | | | |Professional qualifications: (please include dates institutions in reverse order – attach a separate sheet if necessary) | | | |1. | | | | | | | | |2. N/A | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | |English language teaching experience: (if applicable) | | | | | | | | | |N/A | | | | |Other work experience: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |References: (Please include a professional and a personal reference). Give the name, contact details, and their relationship to you. | |Reference 1 |Reference 2 | | | | | | | |Mrs. Madhuri Chabbra |Mrs. Sunita Bahadur | |+91 – 9811645203 |+91 – 9818217510 | | | | | | | |Health: | |Are you in good health? YES | |Do you have any conditions that we should be aware of? If so, please state what they are. | |NO. | Where or how did you learn about the CELTA? ? I got to know about CELTA from a friend. Where or how did you find out that the British Council was running the course? ? From the British council website I found that, the respective institute was running this course. Written Tasks 1. Please describe one good learning experience and one bad learning experience that you have had (not necessarily related to language learning). Please write approx. 150 words and use full sentences and paragraphs. A good learning experience was in the eleventh standard with the economics subject. Initially I could never build up interest in this subject and couldn’t score well, leading to lack of confidence. In the twelfth standard with the change of the subject teacher, the situation reversed I could build up interest in this subject. All because of the way she provided extra support in form of extra sessions and gave in more than 100%. Thanks to the turn of events I informally teach this subject to others now. My one bad learning experience was while learning to swim. The lessons were at the shallow end of the pool and always under supervision. With time and growing confidence, I attempted swimming the entire length of the pool without supervision. I always had a fear of the deep waters and that day the manifestation turned true. I got breathless mid-way my goggles slipped above my forehead. Due to the panic blurred vision, I kept bobbing in the water for quite a while before the coach intervened. 2. Please explain why you would like to do the CELTA course? Do not write more than 150 words and please use full sentences and paragraphs. The foremost reason to apply for the CELTA course is to begin acquiring in-depth knowledge of the oral and written English language. As Said, it would be a beginning, a foundation stone which will be strengthened further by pursuing a Master’s degree course in the language. The prerogative to do it is to help spread the language to individuals who aspire to use it as a stepping stone into their respective fields of interest. There has been a great motivation behind this, who is my Mother. She has been a teacher since almost 25 years and the difference she has made in the lives of her pupils, has been a great inspiration. I intend to emulate a fraction of that feat, but on a different set of learners. The fact that there is a lot of knowledge that remains to be acquired to sharpen my skills, I chose to apply for the CELTA certification. How to cite English Novel, Essay examples English novel Free Essays Scottish novelist, short story writer, and Journalist whose real name was Hector Hugh Munro. Saki wrote humorous essays and stories that are frequently described as flippant (lacking proper respect or seriousness), witty, ironic, and cynical. The Open Window â€Å"My aunt will be down presently, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on English novel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nuttel,† said a very self-possessed young lady of fifteen; â€Å"in the meantime you must try and put up with me. † Framton Nuttel endeavored to say the correct something which should duly flatter the niece of the oment without unduly discounting the aunt that was to come. Privately he doubted more than ever whether these formal visits on a succession of total strangers would do much towards helping the nerve cure which he was supposed to be undergoing. â€Å"l know how it will be,† his sister had said when he was preparing to migrate to this rural retreat; â€Å"you will bury yourself down there and not speak to a living soul, and your nerves will be worse than ever from moping. I shall Just give you letters of introduction to all the people I know there. Some of them, as far as I can remember, were quite nice. † Framton wondered whether Mrs. Sappleton, the lady to whom he was presenting one of the letters of introduction, came into the nice division. â€Å"Do you know many of the people round here? † asked the niece, when she Judged that they had had sufficient silent communion. â€Å"Hardly a soul,† said Framton. â€Å"My sister was staying here, at the rectory, you know, some four years ago, and she gave me letters of introduction to some of the people here. † He made the last statement in a tone of distinct regret. Then you know practically nothing about my aunt? † pursued the self-possessed young lady. Only her name and address,† admitted the caller. He was wondering whether Mrs. Sappleton was in the married or widowed state. An undefinable something about the room seemed to suggest masculine habitation. â€Å"‘Her great tragedy happened Just three years ago,† said the child; â€Å"that would be since your â€Å"Her tragedy? † asked Framton; somehow in this restfu l country spot sister’s time. † tragedies seemed out of place. â€Å" You may wonder why we keep that window wide pen on an October afternoon,† said the niece, indicating a large French window that opened on toa lawn. It is quite warm for the time of the year,† said Framton; â€Å"Has that Window got anything to do with the tragedy? † â€Å"Out through that window, three years ago to a day, her husband and her two young brothers went off for their day’s shooting. They never came back. In crossing the moor to their favorite snipe-shooting ground they were all three engulfed in a treacherous piece of bog. It had been that dreadful wet summer, you know, and places that were safe in other years gave way uddenly without warning. Their bodies were never recovered. That was the dreadful part of it. † Here the child’s voice lost its self-possessed note and became falteringly human. â€Å"Poor aunt always thinks that they will come back some day, they and the used to do. That is why the window is kept open every evening till it is quite dusk. Poor dear aunt, she has often told me how they went out, her husband with his white water-proof coat over his arm, and Ronnie, her youngest brother, singing, ‘Bertie, why do you bound? ‘ as he always did to tease her, because she said it got on her nerves. Do you know, sometimes on still, quiet evenings like this, I almost get a creepy feeling that they will all walk in through that window†Ã¢â‚¬  She broke off with a little shudder. It was a relief to Framton when the aunt bustled into the room with a whirl of apologies for being late in making her appearance. â€Å"l hope Vera has been amusing you? † she said. â€Å"She has been very interesting,† said Framton. â€Å"l hope you don’t mind the open window,† said Mrs. Sappleton briskly; â€Å"my husband and brothers will be home directly from shooting, and they always come in this way. They’ve been out for snipe in the marshes today, so they’ll make a fine mess over my poor carpets. So like you menfolk, isn’t it? † She rattled on cheerfully about the shooting and the scarcity of birds, and the prospects for duck in the winter. To Framton it was all purely horrible. He made a desperate but only partially successful effort to turn the talk on to a less ghastly topic; he was conscious that his hostess was giving him only a fragment of her attention, and her eyes were constantly straying past him to the open window and the lawn beyond. It was certainly an unfortunate oincidence that he should have paid his visit on this tragic anniversary. â€Å"The doctors agree in ordering me complete rest, an absence of mental excitement, and avoidance of anything in the nature of violent physical exercise,† announced Framton, who labored under the tolerably widespread delusion that total strangers and chance acquaintances are hungry for the least detail of one’s ailments and infirmities, their cause and cure. â€Å"On the matter of diet they are not so much in agreement,† he continued. â€Å"No? † said Mrs. Sappleton, in a voice which only replaced a yawn at the ast moment. Then she suddenly brightened into alert attention†but not to what â€Å"Here they are at last! † she cried. â€Å"Just in time for tea, and Framton was saying. don’t they look as if they were muddy up to the eyes! † Framton shivered slightly and turned towards the niece with a look intended to convey sympathetic comprehension. The child was staring out through the open window with dazed horror in her eyes. In a chill shock of nameless fear Framton swung round in his seat and looked in the same direction. In the deepening twilight three figures were alking across the lawn towards the window; they all carried guns under their arms, and one of them was additionally burdened with a white coat hung over his shoulders. A tired brown spaniel kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they neared the house, and then a hoarse young voice chanted out of the dusk: â€Å"l said, Bertie, why do you bound? † Framton grabbed wildly at his stick and hat; the hall-door, the gravel-drive, and the front gate were dimly noted stages in his headlong retreat. A cyclist coming along the road had to run into the hedge to avoid imminent collision. How to cite English novel, Papers

1St Amendment Essay Example For Students

1St Amendment Essay HE FIRST AMENDMENT Congress shall make no laws respecting an establishment of religion orprohibiting the free exercise thereof; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition thegovernment for a redress of grievances. What exactly are the limits to free speech, anyway? This amendmentforbids the government from making any law that prohibits it. The debate against this will rage on forever, evenjudges cant agree. One of the big things that cause argument is people suing publishers and editors for all kindsof things. We need to remind these folks that the First Amendment is a man-made law, not something that isGod-made and perfect in all situations, it does have its limits. Our founding fathers wouldnt mind if we drew theline at a book that gives instructions on how to commit murder. There have been many songs that talk aboutviolence against the police. A man from Texas claimed that the lyrics from Tupac Shakurs 2Pacalypse Nowinspired him to murder a deputy sheriff. B ut Tupacs song wasnt a how-to on killing police, with explicitinstructions. There is a thick line that falls between a work of art that depicts or describes an act of violence anda book that gives advice on murder. Anyone with even a shred of common sense knows that you cant say orwrite anything about any subject at any time you please. Thats why newspapers and magazines across thecountry go through a self-censorship process thats stricter than any amendment would impose. Unlike somepeople, most editors and publishers know that the First Amendments forbidding government from making a newlaw impinging on freedom of speech doesnt mean that private individuals cant sue you. One judge might throwtheir cases out, another might rule for the bailiffs. Printing something thats simply offensive may be protectedunder our Bill of Rights. But that has never stopped individuals from suing them. I saw keep on, if the congressfeels that strongly about our rights, so be it. But we need more people to stop them from getting out of hand. American History

The distinction between great and mediocre art

The distinction between great and mediocre art is often subjective and it often cannot be accurately determined by any qualitative or quantitative measurement. The articles presented in this packet touch upon a series of questions such as artistic taste, evaluation of art, and creative courage.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The distinction between great and mediocre art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The central idea that the authors emphasize is that artists and critics should focus on what they consider to be beautiful, but not on the assessments made by other people who often can be biased, prejudiced, or simply superficial. Both evaluation of art and creativity require freedom of mind, courage, and ability to go beyond the limits of convention. This is the main idea that permeates each of the readings. The idea that the value of art cannot measured objectively is eloquently illustrated in the a rticle by Jamie Katz who shows that how a seemingly ordinary painting can be transformed into a real masterpiece only because its authorship was attributed to Diego Velazquez (Katz, 62). The main paradox is that for a long time, this picture did not attract the attention of art critics or historians, even though it was not hidden or concealed from them (Katz, 61). It grew to fame only because a single person liked it and conjectured that it could have been created by a famous Spanish painter. The issue is that the painting, itself remained unchanged; it did not acquire any new qualities. Although the author does not pose the question explicitly, the readers may ask themselves what might have happened to this painting if its authorship had not been ascertained. This example suggests that the value of an artwork is often determined on the basis of very subjective criteria.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is why people should primarily pay attention to their own feelings about a certain work of art, rather than to the authoritative opinions of critics. The thing is that these people often change their opinions. People, who prefer to blindly follow popular trends, deprive themselves of an opportunity to see the value of art. This idea is also reflected in the article Alice’s Wonderland written by Rebecca Mead. This author tells the story of a woman who attempts to establish her own art collection. Alice Walton did not wish to buy pictures that were popular among other art collectors or dealers; she decided to collect the paintings that she liked, namely those ones dedicated to American history (Mead, 34). Certainly, Alice Walton could have made a different choice, for example, she could collect artworks that were praised by critics. Nevertheless, such a choice would run contrary to her own artistic sense. Again, this article illustrates an idea that people should be more independent or courageous when forming their judgment about a work of art. Unfortunately, very often people are rather unwilling to make their own judgment about paintings, films, books, or musical compositions. This is a problem that has been relevant at any time or place. Moreover, it manifests itself in various areas of art. Thus, this argument can be equally applied to people who are engaged in creative work. Adam Gopnik whose article focuses on van Gogh’s life and work, shows that an artists â€Å"bets his life† on his work (55). Moreover, not every person has the courage to depart from existing tradition and create art forms as it was done by Vincent van Gogh who was appreciated only by a very few people, for instance, Paul Gauguin. He was an artist who realized that his paintings would not enjoy popularity during his lifetime. Moreover, he did not expect that his works would earn his material prosperity. In this article, Adam Gopnik descri bes his life as â€Å"making something that no one wants in the belief someone someday will† (55). This quote indicates that art requires courage and determination, and these are the qualities that not everyone possesses. Under such circumstances, an artist has to follow instinct, intuition, and understanding of art. The choice made by Vincent van Gogh may not look very attractive to many artists who may prefer short-term popularity to the mere prospects or hopes of long-term recognition.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The distinction between great and mediocre art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The majority of people are more likely follow an established trend instead of creating their own artistic style. Probably, the only thing that motivated van Gogh was hope that someday his paintings will find their audience. Such hope is not sufficient for the majority of people. Creative courage is i mportant for every form of art, including cinematography. In his article Method Man, John Lahr discusses the life and work of Elia Kazan. This person was able to find a new approach to filmmaking and it enabled many actors to show their best qualities. Moreover, he helped many writers such as Tennessee Williams to improve their creative work (Lahr, 54). He can be regarded as a person who shaped modern cinematography, even though his methods were very popular. Yet, the example of Elia Kazan shows that creative work can sometimes be the only thing that can defend a person. His testimony in HUAC (House Committee on Un-American Activities) ruined his reputation among other actors and directors (Lahr, 90). For many people, Kazan’s testimony equaled to betrayal of people who trusted him. It is possible to provide several arguments in favor or against this decision. The ethical aspects of this testimony can be disputed from various perspectives. Yet, Elia Kazan justified it by his w illingness to continue his work that he enjoyed most of all. His films enabled him to withstand the criticism that he faced because of his testimony in HUAC (Lahr, 91). Again, one can remember about Adam Gopnik’s claim according to which an â€Å"artist bets his life† on his work (55). This argument can be applied to Elia Kazan did not want sacrifice his work for the sake of his reputation and even friendship with many other people. Such a step can be taken only by a very few people. For such individuals their creativity and their work are probably the only things that make their life truly valuable.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Creativity and art critique require courage, determination, and sometimes even willingness to become isolated from others. An artist has to ready for misunderstanding or lack of appreciation. His or her understanding of art has to be the major guide. Similarly, people, who want to make their own evaluation of art, must be able to take independent decisions that may run contrary to popular opinion. Such decisions also require courage and willingness to adhere to one’s artistic taste. Moreover, these articles also illustrate that an artist is a person who is willing to stake his life and reputation on his or her work. Works Cited Gopnik, Adam. â€Å"Van Gogh’s Ear: the Christmas Eve that changed modern art†. The  New Yorker 4 Jan. 2010: 48-55. Print. Katz, Jamie. â€Å"The Painting in the Cellar† Smithsonian Magazine 10 Apr. 2011: 61-66.  Print. Lahr, John. â€Å"Method Man: Elia Kazan’s singular career† The New Yorker 10 Dec.  2010: 88- 94. Print. Mead, Rebecca. â€Å"Alice’s Wonderland† The New Yorker 27 Jun. 2011: 28-34. Print. This critical writing on The distinction between great and mediocre art was written and submitted by user Stephanie Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compare the Representation of Women in Hamlet Essay Example

Compare the Representation of Women in Hamlet Essay Example Compare the Representation of Women in Hamlet Paper Compare the Representation of Women in Hamlet Paper The men completely misread the women and in Aphelia and Gertrude situation, the consequences are very tragic. In order to address this issue, it is necessary to explore the characters of Gertrude and Aphelia in Hamlet and the characters of Hero and Beatrice In Much Ado about Nothing, and In addition, how they are treated by other characters. This will then enable me to pass my own Judgment, as to how the women are represented in the two plays Hamlet and Much Ado about Nothing. Shakespearean Division of Experience by Marilyn French describes and examines gender roles in a way which is applicable to literature. This provides the theoretical framework from which the female characters in Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet can be analyses. According to Marilyn French, men and women are most generally seen as two extremely different entities with diverse characteristics and Imposed roles within society. There are two different aspects of the feminine principle, the inlay and the outlaw. The inlay aspect, portrays natures benevolent side, which includes the ability to give birth, as well as compassion, while aiming to maintain the importance of community above that of the individual. On the other hand, the outlaw aspect represents natures malevolent side, as well as darkness, turmoil and sexuality. From the first glance, one could say that there are predominantly two inlay characters, Hero and Aphelia, and one main outlaw character, Gertrude. Conversely, it is possible to believe that Aphelia behaves in some ways like an outlaw character, rebelling and standing up for herself. Although Aphelia is not the focal character in Hamlet, the audience Is Intrigued by the subtleness and also complexity of her mind. Aphelia Is seen as an Innocent character In the play that Is denied the freedom of peach and forced to surrender to the domineering men in her life. Aphelions actions are derived from other characters advice and this inevitably supersedes her own self-assurance and confidence. Aphelia is a female character in a kingdom of controlling and overprotective and so Aphelia must define herself by male judgments that may be entirely misconstrued. From Aphelions first scene on stage, Alerts warns nerd Tanat Hamlet Is merely trilling Walt n nerd near Ana Tanat seen Is not AT a high enough rank to deserve his true affection. It becomes clear that although Alerts must love his sister, in my Judgment he does not have a very high opinion of her. Some have maintained that Aphelia is seen as an innocent character in the play that is denied the freedom of speech and forced to surrender to the domineering men in her life. Aphelia could be perceived as one of the weaker characters in the play, portrayed as a puppet of all other characters in the play. As David Leverage said, [Aphelia] is a play within a play, or a player trying to respond to several imperious directors at one. Everyone has used her; Polonium, to gain favor; Alerts, to belittle Hamlet; Claudia, to spy on Hamlet; Hamlet to express rage at Gertrude; and Hamlet again; to express his feigned madness with her as a decoy. She is valued only for the roles that further peoples plots. This quote certainly illustrates the weakness and frailty of Aphelia, which can be supported in parts throughout the play. One can suggest that Polonium has a reasonably low opinion of his daughter, Aphelia. The first aspect to point out is how Aphelia is treated by her father in Act I Scene Ill, in which Polonium assumes she is likely to lie about her relationship with Hamlet and in addition calls her a green girl and a baby. Polonium is so sure that he is always right and so forces his self assurance on Aphelia. He forbids Aphelia to see Hamlet again and has so browbeaten her that, as David Leverage has said, [Aphelia] has no choice but to say l shall obey my Lord. This supports the point that Aphelia is seen to give way to Polonium and also suggests that the women were expected to surrender to the men in their lives. In some respect, as women were deemed to be inferior, this meant that Aphelia was expected to comply with Polonium advice and end her relationship with Hamlet. As this was the norm for women in the medieval period, it would have been aberrant for Aphelia to disobey her father. It could be said that Aphelions actions are derived from other characters advice, for example Alerts warning her that Hamlet is merely trifling with her heart, and that this inevitably supersedes her own self assurance and confidence. Not allowed to love and unable to be false, David Leverage points out, Aphelia breaks. She goes mad rather than gets mad. Even in her madness she has no voice of her own, only a discord of other voices and expectations, customs gone awry. By the end of the play, Aphelions insanity has completely overcome her and it could be argued that this is caused by the overpowering advice of others that has such controlled her life. One may see that this continually breaks her down so that she is no longer a character able to deal with her own Judgments and thoughts, she is merely pawn commanded by the voices of others. Elaine Saltwater has reinforced this view in her essay Representing Aphelia: Women, Madness and the Responsibilities of Feminist criticism. According to Elaine, The mad Aphelions bawdy songs and verbal license, hill they give her access to an entirely different range of experience from what she is allowed as the dutiful daughter, seem to be her one sanctioned form of self- assertion as a woman, quickly followed, as in retribution, by her death. It may be said that this illustrates how the restrictions and limits of Aphelions life has resulted In nerd Insanity As panels mall source AT palace NAS Eden slain Day Hamlet, seen NAS lost her ability to reason, she is therefore drawn to madness as her life has now become a time where decisions are no longer made for her and insanity is her only option. Aphelia had for so long repressed her feelings and her life had become so chaotic that there was no escaping this, thus turning her mad, as her madness was the only way to express herself as a character. This can be referred to in David Leverage essay, in which he puts across his view that [Aphelions] history is an instance of how someone can be driven mad by having her inner feelings misrepresented, not responded to or acknowledged only through chastisement and repressions. Such is Aphelions case. The men (Hamlet, Alerts and Polonium) make assumptions and then they make demands based on those assumptions, but there is o way Aphelia can meet the demands because the underlying assumptions are flawed. The example of this is concerning Hamlet; he believes that he can involve Aphelia in his plans without her suffering, which inevitably, in the end, she does. Furthermore, Alerts and Polonium are sure that they can take control of Aphelions life and steer her in another direction that does not involve her with Hamlet, but this cannot be followed through as it can be perceived that Aphelia is very much in love with Hamlet. On the issue of Aphelions madness, one should consider the problem room another angle. As seen in Elaine Shelters quote above, one could view Aphelions madness from a different perspective; the fact that Polonium is forever keeping watch on Aphelia and trying to control her, may have resulted in her rebelling against her father in order to achieve some freedom, which she has been seen to accomplish in her madness. Polonium close watch on his daughter may have caused her to rebel in other ways also. One cannot deny that there is evidence in the play to suggest that Aphelia has had sexual relations with Hamlet. Take for example, he sexual comments made during Aphelions madness, including the line, before you tumbled me, you promised me to wed. However, we should remember that this quote was not recited directly to Hamlet so it may not be aimed at him, it could be directed to men in a more general sense. We could perhaps take this to mean that Aphelia has risen up against her father, which illustrates unquestionably that Aphelia has therefore not given way to Polonium. In Elaine Shelters words, we have had a feminist discourse which has offered a new perspective on Aphelions madness as protest and rebellion. For many feminist theorists, the madwoman is a heroin, a powerful figure who rebels against the family and the social order. This can be seen to agree with the view that Aphelia has not given way to Polonium and as such has remained in control. There is strong evidence in the text to suggest that Aphelia has committed suicide. Although Gertrude maintains that the branch broke and swept Aphelia down the river, the church denies her a Christian burial on the grounds that she killed herself. We are encouraged to believe that without a struggle, Aphelia surrendered to the water singing snatches of old tunes. More evidence to support Aphelions suicide can be found in Act V Scene l, Is she getting a Christian burial, even though she willfully took her own life? During the medieval era, suicide was a mortal sin in the eyes of the Church and those who committed suicide were prohibited from being buried on consecrated ground. Is Aphelia driven mad by her love for Hamlet, or is she the victim of a society that has created impossible expectations Tort Its women? En cannot any Tanat panel NAS no alternative out to throw herself into the river to drown. In the end, one can say that the issue of Aphelions death represents the action of Aphelia rising up against her father and other domineering men in the play by taking control of the one aspect she truly had power over; her life. While on the one hand it can be said that Aphelia can be portray both Inlay and outlaw aspects, Hero i s considered to portray the ultimate example of the inlay aspect of the feminine principle; she does not challenge the masculine principle in any particular way. Thus, she remains within the stipulated boundaries imposed on women by society, regarding the way the men believe women should behave. In this way, Hero can be linked to Aphelia in the way that they both conform to society and are controlled by the men in their lives. Hero dutifully accepts her role as an exemplary daughter to her father, Leona, by acting in accordance to his wishes and complying with every one of his requests: [Leona] Daughter, remember what I told you. If the Prince do Solicit you in that kind, you know the answer Therefore, her exemplary behavior, shown by the way in which she unquestioningly respects her fathers desires and attends to each of his requests, leads her to become the presentation of the ideal female behavior, which consequently heightens her fathers pride and reputation. In addition, this can be likened to the way Aphelia accepts her fathers request to send back Hamlets love letters and be used in his plan to become friendly with the King. It could be said the amount of lines a character has is directly related to how developed that character is. In this case, Hero comes across as being extremely shy, mainly due to the fact that she remains silent through most of the play, speaking only when she is spoken to. On the other hand, he has a very weak disposition, as she does not have the strength of character to stand up for and defend herself against the attacks and accusations. An example of this is Claudio accusation of her at their wedding, give not this rotten orange to your friend, implying that Hero is unchaste and therefore spoiled. This metaphor also leads the reader to explore how the men regarded the women in the play; as an object or a possession. This portrayal of women can be compared to courtly love, how lovers were expected to behave. Only when Claudio and the rest of the men have left, does she intend to explain her innocence to her father: They know that do accuse me. I know none. Oh my father. Prove you that any man with me conversed At hours unmet, or that I heightening Maintained the change of words with any creature, Refuse me, hate me, torture me to death! (V, l, 183) Even at the time when Hero should have put aside her courteousness in order to prevent her reputation from being tarnished, she maintains her submissive attitude towards men. I northbound ten play, mainly Owe to Herds lack AT presence Ana sell-assurance, nerd image is mould and built upon the opinions of the surrounding men, similar to the ay that Aphelia bases all her personal decisions on information she is told from the men around her. Therefore, although her personality is unchanging, as she will always act respectfully and submissively to men, her image varies as the plot unveils. At first she is regarded as the representation of the perfect wife and daughter, which suggests that she has a passive and caring nature. According to Jane Mills Womans Words, A Dictionary of words about women, wife specialized to mean a woman joined to a man by marriage Wife, I. E. A woman who belongs to a man. The evidence for this can be observed in the way she relates to and obeys the demands of men, always making use of courtly language, as expected: [Don Pedro] And you too, gentle Hero? Hero] I will do any modest office, my lord, to help my cousin too good husband (II, l, 343) We learn more about Heros notion of love from her conversation about Beatrice and Benedict than from her own thoughts about her marriage to Claudio. Hero seems to realize that in order to love another, one must sacrifice some self-love. She has rationalized that love is not about self-indulgence, but self-sacrifice, which explains mom of her willingness to love Claudio even after he has wronged her. In ab solute contrast to Hero and Aphelia, Beatrice personality could be said to belong to the outlaw part of the female principle. Although on the whole she accepts her condition of submission, it could be stated that she accepts formal but not true submission. This refers to the facts that she complies with the basic impositions resulting from her circumstance as a woman and yet does not refrain from taking advantage of any situation in which she has the possibility of taking control and expressing her opinion, within an acceptable scale. Therefore, regardless of her supposedly subdued condition, utterly unlike Hero and Aphelia, she does not hesitate to actively participate in discussions and conversations. It is important to take into account that Beatrice does not enjoy being confined into her subdued role as a woman and in turn she could be seen to try and be a part of the male principle. She firmly desired to gain as much independence and freedom of speech, opinion and thought as any man has. This is evident when she wants to seek revenge for what was done to her cousin: O that I were a man! O God that I were a man! I old eat his heart in the market-place. (lb, l, 309). Here, Beatrice desires to have the same power as men can be seen and she strives at any attempt within her reach to make herself respected. Beatrice constantly states that she will most surely remain an unmarried woman, as she has no intention of committing to a lasting relationship, in which her only role is to attend to the needs and respond to the orders of her husband. She believes that if she did marry, the implications of this would most probably force her into submission. Concurrently, she relentlessly discards all possible partners, as she does not seem o De Seattle Walt any particular type AT person Tort nerd NASDAQ. I Norton nerd indecisiveness at selecting any possible candidate, she undoubtedly displays the fact that she has no intention of marrying, consequently revolting against society and the role she has to play as a woman: [Beatrice] He that hath a beard is more than a youth, and he that hath no beard is less than a man; and he that is more than a youth is not for me, and he that is less than a man, I am not for him [Leona] Well, niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband [Beatrice] Not till God make men of some other metal than Earth In Much Ado About Nothing it could be perceived that Beatrice contrasts other female characters in that play, in addition to the female characters of Aphelia and Gertrude. Whereas Hero is polite, gentle and respectful, Beatrice is feisty, cynical and witty. The play is transgression in that the female characters refuse to comply with stereotypical notions of femininity and thus do not conform to patriarchy. Consider Beatrice for example, as she is used in the play as a main character, and is consequently a more developed character than other the other females. This can be en immediately by looking at the differences in the amount of lines each of the female characters have. Beatrice behaves more like a modern woman of these times, refusing to marry and refusing to cave to the standards that society has set for her. But, even Beatrice lapses into the general female role when she is forced to ask Benedict for help in avenging her cousin. Although Aphelia can be seen as the major and more iconic character in Hamlet, one must also consider Gertrude and her behavior towards Claudia. Many views about Gertrude can be seen in the essay A Heart Cleft in Twain: The Dilemma of Shakespearean Gertrude by Rebecca Smith. According to Rebecca [Gertrude] has traditionally been played as a sensual deceitful woman. As Gertrude only appears in ten out of the twenty scenes in Hamlet, even in these scenes she speaks very little, it is difficult to come to a conclusion about her character. Some have maintained that Gertrude is a weak character, defined by her frailty, who, in addition, is blamed for causing much of the violence and conflict in the play. However, to elaborate or disagree with this point one need only refer to Rebecca Smiths point that Gertrude lives that quiet women best please men, and pleasing men is Gertrude main interest. Considering this, it is possible to believe that Gertrude major concern is to maintain a strong relationship with the two men, Claudia and Hamlet. However, another aspect to point out is that of Gertrude death. Gertrude refuses to comply with Claudia, King Gertrude, do not drink Queen- I will, my lord, I pray you pardon me It is richly ironic that the time that Gertrude chooses to assert herself the most, it happens at the most inconvenient time and in fact causes her death. In the words of Rebecca Smith, In fact, Gertrude death is symbolic of the internal disharmony cause by her divided loyalties, which illustrates Gertrude main concern is to please toners, Tort In order to mourn nerd son Hamlet, seen NAS to Loosely Clauses Tort ten first time. In some respect, one could suggest that this displays Gertrude contravening Claudia, therefore in this situation, she does not give way to him. Overall, Aphelia can, in many ways be seen to give way to Polonium. But taken as a whole, Aphelia can be seen to overcome Polonium by rebelling against him in her allegations with Hamlet. In Hamlet Aphelia is denied the freedom of speech and as such she cannot survive in the cruel world that Shakespeare has highlighted. Throughout the play Aphelia is represented by the floral motif; beautiful yet fragile. Being a female in a kingdom filled with chaos and deceptions, the innocent Aphelia is forced to keep silent and obey the domineering men in her life. Had she the license to think for herself, Aphelia might have reasoned through her dilemma, but, caught as she is between her fathers and brothers restrictive instructions and Hamlets rushing demands, she is trapped in a choice-less existence. In my opinion, both these characters, in some instances, overpower the men in their life and refuse to conform. However, the way these characters are driven towards their deaths are very different. In addition, the way they rebel against their men are dissimilar of each other. For example, Aphelia rebels against Polonium by in her madness and hysteria and again in her suicide. However, Gertrude opposes Claudia so they she can please her son and by disobeying him, this leads to her death.

Hobbes and His Pessimistic View of the Humankind Essay - 1

Hobbes and His Pessimistic View of the Humankind - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Hobbes had a political view that people do not have any rights thus should concede all their privileges to the government in exchange for life. Moral actions are right acts initiated by a human being. Therefore, accepting Hobbes argument for following rules so as to avoid punishment is not acting morally due to various reasons and among them is the fact that the action does not spring from our will. That is because it is an action that people perform mechanically since it is not out of their will. Besides, the action is only performed to avoid the punishment instead of being carried out to yield positive results. The reason is that the morality of an action depends on the intention of the doer rather than controlling its results. Moreover, for an action to be regarded as moral there should be no self-interest behind it thus submitting to the Sovereign so as to maintain peace is not acting morally. If the action were motivated by the fear of God and not of political rule, the action would be considered as a moral act. It is because people would be performing it in to safeguard the ethics defined in the Bible instead of gaining from it.

Health and Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety - Assignment Example Management is an authoritative field that is meant to cater for the needs of the workers in an organization. Health and safety policy Health and safety management system is made of several elements. Among them are the health and safety policies. Health and safety policies are structured to monitor the operations of the organization regarding the welfare of workers. Some of the major specifications of the health policy specify the role of individuals while others outline the roles of an organization. Health policy gives specific individuals the mandate to assign responsibility for the identification of applicable regulations and acts. The document elaborates on the use of health procedures. Under this section, the organization is subjected to monitor health and safety legislations, building codes as well as health and safety legislations. The document also deals with the recording of data and keeping of health and safety information. It provides the employee with the rights to view he alth document as it gives employees the accessibility to legal health documents. Health policies specify on the updating of legal health records. The document outlines the procedures that have been put in place to track legislation as well as other health and safety requirements. It provides a clause that employees have a right to training after a legal procedure of recruitment in their area of specialization. Legislation Health and safety management system standard program has a legislative system whose function is to access and identify new proposed as well as existing health and safety legislations. Management responsibilities are outlined and allocated responsibilities are outlined and allocated. The applicable legal acts include: health and safety legislations, environmental legislation and building codes. A procedure shall also be put in place to track developments and key alterations to the health and safety requirements. The system implies that employees affected by the heal th and safety management alterations shall receive training concerning the legislations which are applicable to their jobs. Internal responsibility system The program advocates for an establishment of an internal responsibility system which will monitor the health and safety policies and enforce their implementations. Responsibilities of all levels of management are specified to ensure systematic performance and efficiency of the system. All responsibilities in the program are designed to make room for the institution of a Joint Health and safety committee. The system also provides a format for the selection of the Joint Health and Safety committee. Worker rights Another element is the worker’s rights. The health and safety act states that procedure for ensuring that workers rights are guaranteed by the occupational health and safety act. The occupation health and safety act provides the employees with the right to information and awareness. The main objective of the occupati onal health and safety act is to ensure that the working environment is suitable for the performance of work. This includes the elimination of all form of risks around the working environment. The right to information at work is the basic human right according to the occupational

The effect of first gulf war on the gulf area Essay

The effect of first gulf war on the gulf area - Essay Example The consequence of war causes havoc and mayhem in the environment and ecological systems where battles are fought. The consequences of war are far-reaching not merely from the devastation and destruction of the fighting, but from the long-term repercussions and costs affecting culture, people, lands, water systems, and atmospheric conditions long after the fighting has stopped. Understanding some of the reasons why the first Persian Gulf War was such an environmental destructive war is the intent of this paper. The discussion in the paper will identify some of the effects of the first Gulf War on human life, its impact on animals and plants in the Persian Gulf region, and what made the war so environmentally reprehensible. The Persian Gulf War: â€Å"The Mother of all Wars† The â€Å"Persian Gulf War† fought in the Persian Gulf between August 2, 1990 and February 28, 1991 was a military effort fought in Iraq, Kuwait, and the Saudi-Arabian peninsula in the Middle East. T he claims that Kuwait a former British colony was illegally extracting oil out of Iraqi territory ignited the fighting between Iraq and Kuwait. In response, international military forces were assembled in efforts to stop the action and a United Nations coalition headed by the United States and 34 other nations from around the world converged on the Middle East using aerial, ground, and chemical weapons of warfare. The number of military lives loss in the Gulf War continues to be debated and estimating the number of civilian lives loss is relatively impossible. However, the casualties of war are not only the loss of human life, but also include the demise of governments, economies, infrastructures, and other support systems in the countries in which fighting occur. The list of the casualties or losses of war can include the physical and emotional health of people, the resurgence of future generations, the use of lands, the loss of minerals, and domination from outside military forces . The stress of fighting depletes and weakens the natural properties of the environment destroying Natures ability to regenerate properties loss during times of war. The evidence that the effects of the Persian Gulf War are obvious, in retrospect and continues to manifest themselves as the area undergoes yet more destruction and devastation with the environment as its most vulnerable victim. The â€Å"Mother of all Wars† as Saddam Hussein described it was such a war of destruction that the aftermath of devastation continues to unfold in the Middle East. Tracking the wreckage, the most telltale signs and evidence of the magnitude of the destruction the Gulf War had on the environment is the erosion and depletion of the land masses in the areas. The damage whether intention or consequential resulted in irreversible damage to the region. The aftermath of the fighting continues to plague the area jeopardizing the health and well being of future generations. Whereas the fighting w as primarily between Iraq and Kuwait the influence and impact of the fighting was experienced by military support from various nations from around the world and in neighboring countries adjacent to Iraq and Kuwait in the Persian Gulf. The map shows the general region in

MALDI-TOF Advantages and Disadvantages

MALDI-TOF Advantages and Disadvantages Abstract Rapid diagnosis of microbial pathogens or infections in clinical laboratories is decisive to guarantee accurate therapy and efficient patient care. Although the conventional method, which is mostly based on biochemical testings and long incubation procedures, are precise and sensitive; they are rather slow. Until recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) has emerged as a powerful technique for identification of microorganisms in clinical microbiology. MADLI-TOF has the advantage of identifying bacterial or fungal species directly on the culture plates as fast as 10 to 15 minutes in a few simple steps. The principle behind MALDI-TOF is based on mass spectrometry and soft ionization technique. Depending on the time of flight of each pathogen, the characteristic spectrum will be analyzed and displayed via the inbuilt software. This review describes the advantages and limitations of MALDI-TOF. It also compares the identification efficacy of bacteria between MALDI-TOF and the culture methods. There are several comparative studies between the conventional techniques and the MALDI-TOF systems in terms of reliability and accuracy of their methods. Keywords: MALDI-TOF, diagnostic microbiology, spectrometry Introduction Microbiological identification of pathogenic bacteria and fungi has used to be performed by conventional methods which involved long process of culturing and biochemical/phenotypic testings. Although cultures are powerful methods in retrieving pathogens, multiplying a single viable pathogen in an appropriate medium logarithmically, it is time consuming and the phenotypic tests could delay over 24 to 48 hours. In the circumstances, such as bacteremia, which requires a rapid diagnosis and treatment, delay in adequate management could cause mortality to rise by 10 to 20% as shown by Kumar et al.. Length of hospital stay and the price of admission equally decrease with early identification of the etiology of sepsis. New diagnostic methods have been developed, and they do not depend on bacterial or fungal growth and are effective even when the pathogens are not viable. The methods employing nucleic acids are already in clinical use; however, although faster than cultures, they demand tech nical time and at least 6 to 8 hours of work by a dedicated professional. A major advance is the use of proteomic studies for rapid diagnosis as fast as 5 to 15 minutes of etiology of infections, and it is represented by MALDI-TOF. THE IMPORTANCE OF MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures ionized chemical compounds based on their mass to charge (m/z) ratio (). By combining the technique of ionization and biomolecular detection from mass spectrometry (), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) was developed and is widely used in microbiological diagnosis (). There are three main units that compose the MALDI-TOF spectrometer: ion source, mass analyzer, and detection device (). The purpose of the ion source is to ionize molecules thus transferring them into the subsequent gas phase (). The mass analyzer unit aids in ion separation based on mass to charge ratio (). Lastly, detection device is there for monetization of separated ions (). Principles and methodologies In order for MALDI-TOF to begin processing the biological material (ex: a colony or a blood culture concentrate), sample is placed on a plate containing polymeric matrix (). Next, irradiation occurs through the medium of a laser (). During the process, laser would also vaporize and ionize molecules within the sample (). Afterwards, aspiration of those molecules into the vacuum tube will transport them to the detection device (). Depending on which bacterial or fungal specie is being examine, the time of flight will also be different (). Lastly, the computerized database of MALDI-TOF will generate a chart with different peaks-providing results and interpretations all very quickly (). Advantages A major advantage of MALDI-TOF is its rapid turnaround time (

The Pressure Brought On By College Essay -- University Stress Peer Pre

The Pressure Brought On By College Socially, religiously, and scholastically, a person’s values are severely challenged as he enters college. A major university has many evil faces that can alter a person’s values if he or she is not careful. Fraternities and their counterpart, sororities, target freshmen mainly because they’re young, easily influenced, and lonesome. Religious organizations try their best to counter the fraternities by gathering these young scholars to spread their word. The University of Georgia itself causes turmoil in these students' beliefs by requiring classes that promote a change in merit. These are the main things that I have encountered as a student through the University, and all three intrude on my privacy. (in her essay "Keeping Close to Home,")bell hooks argues that a college campus is a place where people hide there true selves. At a time when someone’s values are constantly being tested they should show their true feelings in order to avoid conflicts l ater in life. Fraternities and sororities play a major role in the choices a person makes as he enters college. They target the young because they are simply the easiest to influence. Most of these students are away from home with no friends. They are hungry to belong to a group, and a Fraternity offers a sense of togetherness that these lambs away from the herd need. Once hooked and interested in becoming a member, recruits are constantly challenged to drink and perform embarrassing tasks to prove how dedicated they are to becoming a brother. These rushies can possibly be beaten, definitely made to clean non-stop, and constantly forced to run errands for the older brothers. Hazing, or abusing a recruit, has supposedly been abolis... ...he said that a university forces you to hide your background. She said this about the years she attended Stanford, "I lived alone, like the one Mormon student who kept to himself as he made a concentrated effort to remain true to his religious beliefs and values" (hooks 88 ). Yes, you can be highly influenced at a college to change, but I have never had to hide my beliefs. I guess it's different for me to attend UGA and for her to attend Stanford. She should not mask who she is, and she should be proud and teach these people not to stereotype. Overall, a University system is a great place and I love every second of being on campus. There are just some things that need to be fixed before I graduate. Works Cited hooks, bell. "Keeping Close to Home." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martins Press, 1997. 85-95. The Pressure Brought On By College Essay -- University Stress Peer Pre The Pressure Brought On By College Socially, religiously, and scholastically, a person’s values are severely challenged as he enters college. A major university has many evil faces that can alter a person’s values if he or she is not careful. Fraternities and their counterpart, sororities, target freshmen mainly because they’re young, easily influenced, and lonesome. Religious organizations try their best to counter the fraternities by gathering these young scholars to spread their word. The University of Georgia itself causes turmoil in these students' beliefs by requiring classes that promote a change in merit. These are the main things that I have encountered as a student through the University, and all three intrude on my privacy. (in her essay "Keeping Close to Home,")bell hooks argues that a college campus is a place where people hide there true selves. At a time when someone’s values are constantly being tested they should show their true feelings in order to avoid conflicts l ater in life. Fraternities and sororities play a major role in the choices a person makes as he enters college. They target the young because they are simply the easiest to influence. Most of these students are away from home with no friends. They are hungry to belong to a group, and a Fraternity offers a sense of togetherness that these lambs away from the herd need. Once hooked and interested in becoming a member, recruits are constantly challenged to drink and perform embarrassing tasks to prove how dedicated they are to becoming a brother. These rushies can possibly be beaten, definitely made to clean non-stop, and constantly forced to run errands for the older brothers. Hazing, or abusing a recruit, has supposedly been abolis... ...he said that a university forces you to hide your background. She said this about the years she attended Stanford, "I lived alone, like the one Mormon student who kept to himself as he made a concentrated effort to remain true to his religious beliefs and values" (hooks 88 ). Yes, you can be highly influenced at a college to change, but I have never had to hide my beliefs. I guess it's different for me to attend UGA and for her to attend Stanford. She should not mask who she is, and she should be proud and teach these people not to stereotype. Overall, a University system is a great place and I love every second of being on campus. There are just some things that need to be fixed before I graduate. Works Cited hooks, bell. "Keeping Close to Home." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martins Press, 1997. 85-95.

Marketing Giant of the Desert

Palm Springs is a city in California mostly known for its great attractions and countless fun exciting things to do. In a way it's more of a Vacation Resort than anything else. Palm Springs strives off tourism, it is the most important income in the whole city after sales taxes and property taxes. Tourists visit Palm Springs mostly in the winter when everything is open to the public. During the winter is when most events in Palm Springs occur aswell. It is a city of numerous festivals, conventions, and international events. Here is a revenue list of 2009-2010 for Palm Springs.As seen taxes is one of the highest revenues. The city markets to many major segments mostly all of them have to do with tourism. They focus a lot on marketing hotels, stores for shopping, and attractions and events. Smaller segments involve marketing dining/nightlife, and accommodations. These audiences are reached through a variety of ways. It can be the internet, television, or simply word of mouth. They try very hard to make sure there offers are well known and properly displayed to the public simply because tourism is one of the major factors of the city.Some external factors the city cannot control are issues like a down economy. During a recession people worry about saving and investing money not touring. Everyone's budget is tight and during times like these Palm Springs is very much like a business, not making the sales it once was and lowering prices in order to make sure some sort of revenue keeps coming in. The city's promotional marketing is definitely seasonal, the heaviest months are during the winter when it is nice and cool. During this period all shops and attractions are open. The price is also very high during winter for anything.The lightest months are during the summer. This is due to because Palm Springs is a desert area and during summer it can reach up to 120 degrees. The city lowers prices on everything like golf, hotels, clubs, and offers all sorts of other summe r discounts. You can stay at an expensive resort for a fraction of the price it costs during winter. Here is an more accurate estimate of the weather in Palm Springs. Many years ago the city ran into a problem though, which cost them big-time in the long run. The mayor of Palm Springs stopped what was a major event in the city during Spring break.College students who usually went during Spring break stopped coming and eventually it stopped altogether. The city realized how big a mistake this was due to all the money being lost that was generated during this time span of when college students would go to Palm Springs to have a good time. They tried marketing to young adults aged 18-27 years old but it was already too late. This was probably one of the biggest mistakes the mayor made by losing a lot of revenue for the city. Palm Springs has marketed towards gay/lesbian groups more than any other group.There really was no touring place that openly invited gay people in directly and Pal m Springs recognized that. It is now one of America's top destinations for gay and lesbian travelers. There are more than two dozen hotels marketed just for gay and lesbian couples. Gays and Lesbians aren't afraid to spend money. And when they do spend money they don't just spend a little. That is one of the major reasons Palm Springs markets so many things to them. Gay people feel comfortable here especially since Palm Springs has elected its first openly gay Mayor who stood up to the former Mayor for criticizing gay events.Gay people have become the new target market for Palm Springs. They are used in advertisements to make gay people feel welcomed and appreciated. The internet plays a key role in marketing to this specific group. Most of the information we receive everyday is now given through the Internet, When someone Gay or Lesbian see's all these amazing sites and locations designated just for them they automatically have the tendency to want to go there instead of somewhere else where there afraid they might be judged.This marketing approach has also generated some problems for the city aswell. Many straight people might feel the need not to go there if they object against gay or lesbian couples. Overall the community is affected the most. Many gay and lesbian couples have moved into Palm Springs which can affect some of the older residents who have been there their whole lives and don't appreciate this change. But overall no huge problems have occurred from this marketing approach.Palm Springs wants to make sure its visitors are pleased with their stays. They conduct surveys which ask if they were happy and if not what were some common problems they were not pleased with. Through these surveys they also get to know there visitors more, those who visit Palm Springs once generally come back at least 3 times in the next 5 years. Gay visitors come back 4 times in a span of 5 years. These surveys show that gay people are overall more interested in Palm Spr ings than others.A median of spending for a person visiting Palm Springs is $900. These numbers are mostly during a high economy though when people are willing to spend. In conclusion Palm Springs works as a business, they have marketing programs which target specific groups and they operate as any other business would. Most people believe it to be just desert, filled with old people, extremely hot, and just a dead city. However Palm Springs is much more than that once you have actually went and seen it for yourself.

How To Use the Spanish Preposition A

How To Use the Spanish Preposition A The Spanish preposition a is often thought of as the equivalent of to - but in fact it has far more uses. A can also be the equivalent of on, at, from, by or in, among others. And in many cases it is not translated at all. Rather than learning how to use the Spanish a by its translation, it is probably best to learn the purposes for which a is used. The following list doesnt cover all its uses, but it does show the uses you are most likely to come across at the beginning stages of learning Spanish. Where a is translated, the translation is indicated in boldface. Using A To Indicate Motion or Location Almost any verb indicating motion, and even nouns, can be followed by a before a destination. It can also be used with some other verbs to indicate where the verbs action takes place. Llegamos a Argentina. (We arrived in Argentina.)Se acercà ³ a la casa. (He approached the house.)Cayà ³ al piso. (It fell to the floor.)Ofrecemos servicios especializados para facilitar su visita a Disneyland. (We offer specialized services to facility your visit to Disneyland.)Esa es la puerta al baà ±o. (That is the door to the bathroom. Al is a contraction of a el, usually meaning to the.)Me siento a la mesa. (I am sitting at the table.) Using A Before an Infinitive A is often used to connect a verb with an infinitive that follows. This use is especially common when indicating the start of an action. In these cases, a is not translated separately from the infinitive. Empezà ³ a salir. (She began to leave.)Entrà ³ a hablar contigo. (He came in to talk to you.)Él se negà ³ a nadar. (He refused to swim.)He venido a estudiar. (I have come to study.)Comenzà ³ a bailar. (She began to dance.) The most common usage following this patter is using ir a infinitive to form the a type of future tense  known as the periphrastic future. Si no jugamos bien no vamos a ganar. (If we dont play well we arent going to win.)Voy  a  cantar.  (I am going to sing.)Tenemos que aceptar que tal vez no nos vayan a entender. (We have to accept that sometimes they arent going to understand us.) Using A To Indicate Manner or Method Numerous expressions begin with a followed by a noun to indicate how something is done. The phrase starting with a functions as an adverb and is sometimes translated as one. Vamos a pie. (We are going on foot.)Hay que fijarlo a mano. (It is necessary to fix it by hand. Note that a mano also could have been translated as manually, an adverb.)Estoy a dieta. (I am on a diet.)Escribo a lpiz. (I am writing with a pencil.)Andan a ciegas. (They are walking blindly.)Llegamos a tiempo. (We are arriving on time.)La internet evoluciona a cada instante. (The Internet is changing constantly.)Lee el libro a escondidas. (She is studying the book covertly.) Introducing an Object With A Before a direct object, a is used before name or noun that represents a person in a usage known as the personal a. The preposition in these cases usually is not translated. A can also introduce an indirect object. Conozco a Pedro. (I know Peter. In this and the next two examples, the name functions as a direct object.)Encontrà © a Fido. (I found Fido.)Verà © a Marà ­a. (I will see Mary.)Le doy una camisa a Jorge. (I am giving a shirt to George. In this and the next three examples, George is an indirect object. Note how the translation of a varies with the verb.)Le compro una camisa a Jorge. (I am buying a shirt for George.)Le robo una camisa a Jorge. (I am taking a shirt from George.)Le pongo la camisa a Jorge. (I am putting the shirt on George.) Using A in Time Expressions A is sometimes used in specifying times or days. Salimos a las cuatro. (We are leaving at four.)A la una de la noche escuchamos maullar. (At 1 in the morning we heard meowing.)Estamos a lunes. (Today is Monday. Literally, we are at Monday.)

Breakdown Of Rome Essays - First Triumvirate, Julius Caesar

Breakdown Of Rome Essays - First Triumvirate, Julius Caesar Breakdown Of Rome Essay on the breakdown of the early Ancient roman republic. For men who had easily endured hardship, danger and difficult uncertainty, leisure and riches, though in some ways desirable, proved burdensome and a source of grief. Sallust The causes for the breakdown of the early Roman Republic cannot be attributed to a single event, trend or individual, rather it was due to a combination of all three in varying degrees. The principal and fundamental cause was the breakdown of the political checks and balances, particularly the Cursus Honorum from 133 BC onwards. This subversion occurred both accidentally and through the subversive behavior of individuals, unconsciously and consciously undermining the fabric of the republic in their quest for power and glory. One substantial outcome of this incapacitation was the emergence of violence as a political means. Once this had occurred the end of the old republic was heralded an autocratic dictatorship was born. The republic was born out of a collapsed monarchy and was specifically geared to prevent a centralization of power. The mechanisms to this end were contained in the Cursus Honorum, a document that outlined the ladder of offices. It demanded, among other things, 10 years of military or legal service before any magistracy could be held, annual election and two years between consecutive offices (Plutarch, 1974. p.140). This system was designed to ensure that no individual could become too powerful by dividing jurisdiction between several groups and allowing for veto. The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius are often blamed for causing divisions and antagonizing the aristocracy and particularly the senate by introducing laws and legislation that, although promoting egalitarianism for the poor, were catalysts to later breaches of the Cursus Honorum. Both Tiberius and Gaius had laws enacted without consulting the senate. This weakened the senate's power and started a trend of ignoring the senate that remained until the breakdown (Plutarch, 1986. p 176). These Graccian reforms included the implementation of a welfare system whereby Romans citizens would be given free corn and the Lex Agraria or land reforms that broke down the latafundia and increased the number of small-scale farms. The welfare corn system not only aroused violent anger from the nobility but also created an urban mob (Suetonius, 1979. p.42) that relied on handouts and later participated in violence. Tiberius Gracchus ran for election to the tribunate for two years consecutively (12 3 and 122 BC). This was in direct contradiction to the Cursus honorum. The senate, when they heard of Tiberius' plan, killed him. This action was significant, due to it being the first time that violence had been used for a political end, it was not to be the last. Marius and Sulla, great leaders of Rome from 119 to 78 BC, can be attributed part of the blame for the breakdown of the republic. Their constant quarreling led to factional fighting amongst the people and eventually to civil war. Marius came into power before Sulla and, like the Gracchi, showed a tendency towards disturbing the status quo and antagonized the nobility. Marius' reforms centered on military change, the most controversial of which was the extension of military service for the landless class. This seemingly insignificant reform had wide repercussions since it created semi-professional soldiers rather than a citizen militia (Bradley, 1990. p 270). Since no pension scheme was organized, the soldiers were largely dependent on their commanders for payment and pensions of land. This dependence led to the soldiers being tied to their commanders, allowing for the later development of armies that were loyal to individuals rather than to the state. Marius' contempt for the Cursus Honorum is illustrated by his standing in the consular elections while not in Rome, a post that he gained and held for six years. This action was in direct contradiction to the rule of one-year consulships in the Cursus Honorum and allowed Marius to establish a power base that he used for his own political designs. Both Marius and Sulla used violence openly as a political means. The first such incident was during the tribunal election where Marius killed Nonnius, a political opponent to his friend Saturnius. This was not the only example of violence from Marius. When returned from exile,

QI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

QI - Essay Example Considering this, the numbers in the spreadsheets were added to get the percentage of menus picked up by 100 units. This method was the appropriate one because it facilitated the computation of percentages using an easy formula. The breakdown of the menus and the floors required a unit that ensured the percentages provided the correct outcome that would give the accurate pickup. However, some challenges emerged during the entire calculation of the menu pickup project. These challenges were later rectified by having a menu pickup policy for diet technicians in order to increase the percentages. By using the original excel document of the menu pickups, highlighting was essential for the determination of the unusual or improper pickup units. For instance, highlighted in yellow were the menu p/u averages that consisted of items by Thumas, Danielle and Aaron. The results indicate that the pickup menus changed during the days, but had a constant Monti unit of 2 in the entire project. Similarly, the employees, namely Josie, Kristen, Sebastian and Eguono also registered different menu p/u percentages. This is because the menus picked up produced separate menus printed, giving different percentages. The perceived reason for this difference was due to maybe the employees taking lunch breaks at different intervals. It is also apparent that the employees took long hours choosing the menus pickups with others going for the ones with fewer complexities. Each worker failed to have their menu pickups when required to because of the difference in time intervals taken for breaks. Some workers were good with sticking to their programs, while others were logged off at most of the times. This caused the delays and differences in the percentages, which also resulted in the different averages at each level. For instance, the averages established by Dawn, Thumas and Sebastan were higher compared to the ones by Melisa, Angela and

Mashup, remix, fandom, intertextuality, music simulacrum Essay

Mashup, remix, fandom, intertextuality, music simulacrum - Essay Example Mashup is a music term that refers to skilful blending of two or more songs to achieve a new coherent composition, usually featuring various music genres. Another terms for a mashup are blend, bootleg, smashup, bastard pop, powermix, cutup and crossover. David J. Gunkel, Aram Sinnreich, Michele H. Jackson, Brian Lamb and Liam McGranaham are some of the authors who have written elaborate and scientific publications on the mashup culture. Although the term first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2000, the history of mashups is debatable. While the notion of a mashup as a 21st century novelty appears viable, the roots of a mashup can be traced to the early 20th century. The installation of Marcel Duchamp’s Bicycle Wheel in1913 where he combined a stool with a bicycle wheel was a physical symbol for mashup (Levay 22). A mashup is â€Å"a fun and adventurous way to make something fresh out of something stale† (Gaylor web). Music mashup characteristics are addition ally attributed to musicque concrete, a form of music which evolved in the 1940s, where compositions were not limited to sounds from musical instruments (McLeod 81). The music community have come to a strong consensus on the origin of a mashup. They agree that part of the remix culture (Mashup) originated from Jamaica in the early 1950s Arguably, a remix is an umbrella term encompassing mashup among other music compositions. It is when Jamaican selectors or disc-jockeys composed first metatexts by playing live a series of records in the same key, tempo or theme. This gave grounds for the emergence of hip hop DJs several decades later (Brewster and Broughton 254; Levay 22) Ironically, these roots seem to contradict Sinnreich’s observation that a mashup is associated with white European logic as opposed to the Afro-diasporic hip-hop genre (Sinnreich 195-9). The fact remains that mashup, despite its Jamaican foundations, first gained major popularity in the United Kingdom. The f irst mashup that gained widespread media attention and broke into the mainstream across the UK was done by The Freelance Hellraiser in 2001. His â€Å"A Stroke of Genie-us† combined Christina Aguilera’s â€Å"Genie in a Bottle† and The Strokes’ â€Å"Hard to Explain.† While a mashup can be done manually, the most common production of mashups occurs digitally. Among the most common software are Ableton Live and Sony’s Acid Pro. They let both professionals and bedroom producers to join a vocal section from one piece with an instrumental section of another to produce one stereo track, which is the basic element of a mashup. Since at present music is recorded using multi-track recording techniques, music labels sometimes release those tracks individually to encourage producers and DJs to create remixes thus contributing to the popularity of the original recording. Works Cited Aram Sinnreich, â€Å"Plus ca change’ or Paradigm shift?† University of Massachusetts Press. (2010), 193-208. Brewster, Bill  and Broughton, Frank. Last night a dj saved my life: the history of the disc jockey. New York: Grove Press, 1999. Print. David J. Gunkel, â€Å"Rethinking the digital remix: Mash-ups and the metaphysics of sound recording.† Popular Music and Society, 31/4 (2008), 489-510. Gaylor, Brett, dir.  RIP: A Remix Manifesto. 2008. Web. 25 Jan. 2012 . Jackson, Michele. " The Mash-Up: A New Archetype for Communicatio."  Journal of Comupter-Mediated Communication. 14. (2009): 730–734. Web. 25 Jan. 2012.   Lamb, Brian. "Dr. Mashup or, Why Educators Should Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Remix."EDUCAUSE Review. 2004. Web. 25 Jan. 2012. . McGranahan, Liam. "Bastards and Booties: Production, Copyright, and the Mashup Community."  Revista Transcultural de Musica. 14. 2010. Web. 25 Jan. 2012.   Remix A remix refers to alternative version of a recorded song with added or

Share Trading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Share Trading - Assignment Example As the report stresses diversification of investment spreads the risk over many assets. The concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) states that since the stock prices reflect all relevant information in the market, it is not possible for the investor to beat the market by purchasing selling stocks at inflated prices or purchasing undervalued stocks. Thus, in order to beat the market the investor will have to be well informed regarding the true fundamentals of the stocks and carefully follow historical trends. Technical analysis helps and investor to predict future movement of stock prices by analysing past trends whereas fundamental analysis considers a top-down approach that analyses not only the fundamental financial position of firms but also macro-economic and industry trends. From the essay it is clear that the efficient market hypothesis assumes that in financial markets, the current prices reflect all the information available in the market and thus the true value of the stocks can be reflected from their past security prices. The theory assumes that the market participants behave rationally and try to maximize their returns by processing all information available to them. From above it can be said that the securities are correctly priced provided the information available to public. The best strategy to beat the market is to construct and evaluate the portfolio performance using technical analysis and fundamental analysis. ... The theory assumes that the market participants behave rationally and try to maximize their returns by processing all information available to them (Jegadeesh, and Titman, 1993, pp.65-91). From above it can be said that the securities are correctly priced provided the information available to public. Considering the above theory it can be said that EMH states it is â€Å"not† possible to beat the market since efficiency of stock market causes stock prices to reflect all relevant information. Keeping this argument in mind, the investor will have to allocate investible sum of ?50,000 in two portfolios consisting of equity shares of companies listed in FTSE All Share. The lists of companies for two portfolios are depicted in Appendix - A (See Table B.1 – List of Companies in Portfolio I and Table B.2 – List of Companies in Portfolio II). The best strategy to beat the market is to construct and evaluate the portfolio performance using technical analysis and fundament al analysis. The list of companies mentioned in the two portfolio were selected after considering various macro-economic factors such as currency movements and strengthening of Euro with respect to dollar; general investor sentiments after US Fed chairman announced gradual taper of quantitative easing; misfire of Bank of Japan’s loan support programme; and short term view of investors on junk bonds; expectation of an onset of bull market early 2014 especially in emerging markets where markets are experiencing upward trends (Financial Times, 2013). Portfolio Evaluation Fundamental Analysis Fundamental analysis aims to analyse the various macro-economic factors that might affect the performance of

Scope of Communications Methods Essay Example for Free

Scope of Communications Methods Essay 1. Introduction Contracts are in anywhere. Contracts = â€Å"Intention†, â€Å"Agreement† and â€Å"Consideration†. The rule of Contracts will establish when offeree is accepted the offeror’s offer. â€Å"Agreement† is one important term in Contract. â€Å"Agreement† is â€Å"Offer† and â€Å"Acceptance†. Today our topic is The Postal Acceptance Rule which only applies to â€Å"Acceptance†. Hence we focus on â€Å"Acceptance† and assume that if â€Å"Acceptance† is valid, and the contract will valid too. The general rule is formed contract acceptance is actually communicated to the offeror. But The Postal Acceptance Rule is an exception of this rule. Today is the electronic world, communication is not only by postal service also use by electronic transaction. Now we will discuss The Postal Acceptance Rule is its rationale, effect, should it continue to be applied and compare to Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) for determining the timing of acceptance sent by fax and email. Also we will talk about expanding or restricting the types of modern communication methods affected by this rule. 2. History and Background of the Postal Acceptance Rule The Postal Acceptance Rule is the fifth and the last of the relevant sub-rules affecting communication of acceptance. The Rule maybe summarized in this way In 19th Century England, there only 2 method of communication between offeror and offeree deal in person or by mail. The courts had to decide the moment of contract formation by this 2 method. If the negotiating parties are deal in person, they do not face the problem of delay and failure of information transmission. If offeree accept the offer to offeror by mail, there will be a substantial delay in delivery of the letter or even totally lost in the course of post. Adams v Lindsell[1] is the case of delay acceptance and The Postal Acceptance Rule was established by this case. In Case we saw that negotiating parties were not sure the precise time of acceptance had been communicated. This created timing of the acceptance problem and led to the formation of rule. Hence the court determined the acceptance is valid when the letter of acceptance is posted. 3. Case of the Postal Acceptance Rule 3.1 Application case of the Postal Acceptance Rule According to Household Fire Carriage Accident Insurance Co (Ltd) v Grant[2], Grant applied by a letter for shares in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company Ltd. The shares were allotted to him and the letter was sent to him at the address given by him. But Grant never received this letter. Later the company went bankrupt, Grant is asking for the outstanding payments. In this case, Grant is offeror, Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company Ltd is offeree and the offer is buy the shares. By the Postal Acceptance Rule, the acceptance is valid when the letter of acceptance is posted no matter that the offeror is received it or not. Now the offer is accepted by offeree and offeree posted the acceptance to offeror. Hence Grant is legally bound to pay the outstanding payments. Further to case Dunlop v Higgins[3], is in same situation, Dunlop send to offer to Higgins. In the communication delay time, Dunlop’s good prices have increased. Higgins has posted the letter of acceptance when he received the offer from Dunlop. Dunlop’s won’t to supply the goods to Higgins with old prices. By Postal Acceptance Rule, hence Dunlop must comply with their offer supply the goods to Higgins with old prices. 3.2 Exclusion case of the Postal Acceptance Rule The Postal Acceptance Rule does not apply in every case. Even if the negotiating parties involved consider the postal service is an acceptable means of communication. According to Byrne v. Van Tienhoven[4], the Postal Acceptance Rule cannot accept offeror revocation their posted acceptance. In this case, Van Tienhoven had been sent out the acceptance to Byrne. But Van Tienhoven withdrawal offer and sent out the new one to Byrne before Byrne received the old offer. The court determined Van Tienhoven is not allowing to revocation of posted acceptance. The withdrawal of the offer was not effective until negotiating parties was communicated. Another case Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes[5], the grantee must comply strictly with the conditions stipulated for exercise by the offeror. If not, the acceptance will not be valid although negotiating parties even they have telephone conversation. The Postal Acceptance Rule cannot apply when there are express terms in the offer specifying that acc eptance must reach the offeror. 4. Electronic Transactions Act ETA[6] was enacted by the Federal Government. And it creates a regulatory regime for using electronic communications transactions. It attempts to remove existing legal impediments that may prevent a person using electronic communications to satisfy legal obligations under Commonwealth law. For the purposes of a law of the Commonwealth, ETA provides criteria for determining the time and place of the dispatch and receipt of an electronic communication. The following requirements imposed under a law of the Commonwealth can be met in electronic form (a) Requirement to give information in writing (b) Requirement to provide a signature (c) Requirement to produce a document (d) Requirement to record information (e) Requirement to retain a document (ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS BILL 1999[7]) 5. Conclusion 5.1 Rationale of the Postal Acceptance Rule Contract is formed at the time and place an acceptance is communicated to the offeror. Time of acceptance communicated is very important. Because it will affect the contract’s content. After contract established, every terms added in this contract was invalid. The Postal Acceptance Rule is established for the court to determining attempt to provide some degree of certainty to an offeree accepting an offer by post. In case of Dunlop v Higgins[8], the parties can not sure the precise time of acceptance when using postal service. It had a substantial delay in delivery of the acceptance or even totally lost in the course of post. This created a number of problems and has led to a formulation of the rule. Hence the Postal Acceptance Rule would complementary with Contract Acceptance for ensure the precise time of acceptance. 5.2 Effect of the Postal Acceptance Rule The effect of the Postal Acceptance Rule is that the offerees acceptance will be valid when the moment the acceptance is correctly posted and it is not relevant whether the acceptance is delayed or even totally lost in the course of post. It means if the Postal Acceptance Rule is applied, establish contract have two more problem to be consideration â€Å"Time† and â€Å"Location†. Indeed, the courts have been concerned with locating the place of formation of a contract in the majority of cases which have considered the applicability of the Postal Acceptance Rule. 5.3 The Postal Acceptance Rule in currently applies circumstances Today, the Postal Acceptance Rule in currently applies circumstance is business convenience. It most frequently cited rationalization for retention of the rule. For example, the Company (offeror) sends the promotion letter (offer) to person (offeree) and the person accepts the offer and sends back the acceptance to correctly address. By Postal Acceptance Rule, the contract between company and person was established when the acceptance was posted. If acceptance is complete upon proper posting, this effectively allows the offeree to structure his affairs on the basis. And the binding contract is formed on postage. 5.4 The Postal Acceptance Rule and ETA In instantaneous communication most likely to applied ETA or general rule of â€Å"Acceptance†, For example, offeree accept website acceptance or telephone acceptance even though the parties are not in physical proximity of one another. This is no delayed time between the offer and the acceptance. In non-instantaneous communication most likely to applied the Postal Acceptance Rule. This had delayed time between the offer and the acceptance. Postal Acceptance Rule is handle the argued of moment of contract formation and ETA is imposed under a law of the Commonwealth can be met in electronic form. Both of the rule and are they complementary with each other. If technical delay or human error, there are no universal rule can be applied and it is needed to reference to the intentions of both parties. 5.5 Rules used for acceptance sent by Fax and Email We know that there are two types of communication, instantaneous and non-instantaneous. Instantaneous communication is no delay time between sent and received and non-instantaneous communication had delay time between sent and received. Fax is the instantaneous communication. This is because Fax transmits is same as telephone transmits. It is direct transmission from fax machines to other fax machines, transmission between sent and received is in same time. Hence Fax is instantaneous communication it most likely to applied ETA or general rules of â€Å"Acceptance†. How about of the Email? Some articles expressed that Email is instantaneous communication. Because the legislation deals a default rule for the time that Email (electronic communications) is sent and when it is received. But this is wrong, in fact according to Email transmits, it along the internet may involve travelling across the world with correctly Email address. That’s mean after click â€Å"SEND† button the transmission may be immediacy, may be takes a moment, sometimes used a few minutes or even over an hours that’s base on the network connection until the recipient received the message. The e-mail transmission through the network depends completely on the viability of the ISP[9] for the offeree and the offeror. Now we have millions of internet user, delays in e-mail communication is very normal situation. The communication may have delay and they are not sent and when it is received. We can study the case Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd[10] in Singapore. Hence Email is non-instantaneous communication it most likely to applied the Postal Acceptance Rule, but Email also under the ETA. 5.6 Keeping Postal Acceptance Rule in part of Australian contract law? It must be â€Å"YES†, the Postal Acceptance Rule should continue to be applied. In application level, we know that the general acceptance principle depends on whether the method of communication is instantaneous or â€Å"non-instantaneous†. From the above discussion, Email could be considered as a non-instantaneous communication. Analyze the moment of contract formation is an essential point for the court to apply the Postal Rule of Acceptance in the context for e-mail transmission. As the method of communication is improving, some problem may be created. If the problem is relevant the moment of contract formation and the communication is defend as a non-instantaneous communication. The Postal Acceptance Rule is most likely applied on it, and the concept of the rule is not outdated. Another basic reason for keeping Postal Acceptance Rule is the electronic communication could not fully replaced the postal service. Maybe in laggard or destitute country, the postal service is the only way for the communication. In content level, the Postal Acceptance Rule was not allowed the offeror withdrawal the offer when offeror posted the offer to offeree (Byrne v. Van Tienhoven[11]). If Postal Acceptance Rule was abolished, the offeror choses he can always make the formation of the contract, until he is receive any reply. If the offeror doesn’t receive any reply from the offeree he can always make inquiries to the offeree about the offer. If the contract is not concluded there would be considerable delay in transactions and the acceptor would never be safe until he has received notice that his letter of acceptance had reached its destination[12]. In the Australian legal system which want to make the fair rule to negotiating parties. In case if Postal Acceptance Rule was abolished, the offeree was in unsafe situation. Because there are unfair to the offeree and offeree don’t get any protect by the Australian legal system. Hence the Postal Acceptance Rule should keeping in part of the Australian contract law. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Peter Gillies, ‘Business Law 12th Edition’, 2. David Parker and Gerald Box, Business Law for Business Students 2008 3. Kathryn O’Shea and Kylie Skeahan (1997) Acceptance of offer by E-Mail How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend 4. Australasian Legal Information Institute http://www.austlii.edu.au/ 5. Dave Stott, Australian Law Students Association Should The Postal Acceptance Rule be Applied to E-Mail? 6. Sharon Christensen, Vol 1 No 1 QUTLJJ Formation of Contracts by Email – Is it Just the Same as the Post? 7. Electronic Transactions Act 8. Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 9. Exclusion of the postal acceptance rule http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/QUTLawJl/1997/18.pdf 10. Exclusion of Postal Acceptance Rule 11. Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd ([2005]SGCA 2) 12. Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. 13. Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 14. Dunlop v Higgins [(1848) 1 H.L.C. 381] 15. Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 16. 17. [pic] [1] Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. [2] Household Fire Carriage Accident Insurance Co (Ltd) v Grant (1879) LR ExD 216 [3] Dunlop v Higgins [(1848) 1 H.L.C. 381] [4] Byrne v. Van Tienhoven, [1880] 5 CPD 344 [5] Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155 [6] Electronic Transactions Act [7] http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004B00505/Revised%20Explanatory%20Memorandum/Text [8] Dunlop v Higgins [(1848) 1 H.L.C. 381] [9] Internet Service Provider [10] Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pte Ltd ([2005]SGCA 2) [11] Byrne v. Van Tienhoven, [1880] 5 CPD 344 [12] Kathryn O’Shea and Kylie Skeahan (1997) Acceptance of offer by E-Mail How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend